tIcf kwØm-\-¯nsâ a²y-`m-K¯v ØnXn sN¿p¶ Hcp PnÃ-bmWv XriqÀ (Xr-Èn-h-t]-cqÀ). tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI Xe-Øm-\-ambn XriqÀ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. kap{Z \nc-¸n ØnXn sN¿p¶ Cu PnÃbv¡v 3032 N.-In. hnkvXoÀ®-ap­v. BØm\w XriqÀ \Kcw BWv. \K-c-¯nsâ a²y-`m-K-¯mbn Hcp sNdp Ip¶n³]p-d¯v {io hS-¡pw-\m-Y³ t£{Xw ØnXn sN¿p-¶p. XriqÀ PnÃbv¡v BsI 5 Xmeq-¡p-I-fmWv XriqÀ, apIp-µ-]p-cw, Nmh¡m-Sv, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ, Xe-¸n-Ån. Ccn-§m-e-¡p-S, Nmh-¡m-Sv, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ, Nme-¡p-Sn, Ip¶w-Ip-fw, Kpcp-hm-bqÀ F¶n-h-bmWv \K-c-k-`-IÄ. PnÃ-bn 17 t»m¡v ]©m-b-¯p-Ifpw 88 {Kma-]-©m-b-¯p-Ifpw D­v. XriqÀ ]qcw, shSn-s¡-«v, ]pen-¡fn F¶nh hfsc {]i-kvX-am-Wv. Znhm³ i¦-c-hm-cy-cpsS Ime-¯mWv (1840-þ56) {][m\ tdmUp-Ifpw ]me-§fpw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. sjmÀWqcpw Fd-Wm-Ip-fhpw X½n _Ôn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ \mtcm-tKPv sIm¨n kÀ¡m-cn\p th­n a{Zmhv sdbnÂth I¼\n 1902 ]Wn XoÀ¯p. 1930-þ35 sIm¨n³ lmÀ_À hnI-kn-¸n-¨-tXmsS AXv t{_mUvtK-Pm-¡n.

t]cn\p ]n¶nÂ

s]cqÀ AYhm s]cnbDuÀ (h-en-b-\m-Sv) F¶-Xn-t\mSv Xncp-inh F¶ hnti-jWw tNÀ¶-XmWv bYmÀ°-¯n XrÈn-h-t]-cqÀ BbXv F¶v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb hn.-hn.-sI.-hm-e¯v Xsâ {]kn-²-amb tIc-f-¯nse Øe Ncn-{X-§Ä F¶ {KÙ-¯n ]d-bp-¶p. ssih aX-¯nsâ Z£n-t\-Yy-bn-te-bv¡pÅ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]bm-W-s¯-bmWv tIcf amlm-ßy-¯n ]d-bp¶ sFXnlyw `wKy-´-tcW kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. sFXnlyw ssih-a-X-¯nsâ tIc-f-¯n-te-bv¡pÅ {]bm-W-s¯-bmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶v At±lw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

AXnÀ¯n-IÄ

]Sn-ªmdv Ad-_n-¡-SÂ, hS¡v ae-¸pdw PnÃ, Ing¡v ]me-¡mSv PnÃ, Xan-gv\mSv kwØm-\-¯nsâ tImb-¼-¯qÀ PnÃ, sX¡v CSp-¡n, Fd-Wm-Ipfw PnÃ-IÄ F¶n-h-bm¬ XriqÀ PnÃ-bpsS AXnÀ¯n-IÄ.

{][m\ \Zn-IÄ

`mc-X-¸p-g, Icp-h-¶qÀ ]pg, Nme-¡pSn¸pg, tIt¨-cn-bmÀ, Ipdp-amen]pg F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ \Zn-IÄ, tjmf-bmÀ, ]d-¼n-¡p-fw, Icn-bmÀ, Imc-¸md F¶nh PnÃ-bnse Gähpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn-bmb Nme-¡p-Sn-¸p-g-bpsS t]mjI \Zn-IÄ BWv. tjmf-bmÀ, s]cn-§Â¡p¯v F¶o Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-IÄ Chn-sS-bm-Wv. hS-¡m-t©cn ]pg-tbm-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨mWv hmgm\n Pe-tk-N\ ]²-Xn.

`cWkwhn-[m\w

PnÃm `cW tI{µw XriqÀ \K-c-¯nse A¿-t´m-fn ØnXn sN¿p-¶p. XriqÀ \Kcw tImÀ¸-td-j³ `c-W-¯n-em-Wv. tImÀ¸-td-j³ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn tabÀ BWv. PnÃm ]©m-b¯v {]kn-Uâv BWv tImÀ¸-td-j³ taJe Hgn-sI-bpÅ aäv {]tZ-i-§-fpsS `cWw \S-¯p-¶-Xv. PnÃm ]©m-b-¯n\v Iogn t»m¡v ]©m-b-¯p-Ifpw aäv FÃm ]©m-b-¯p-Ifpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. XriqÀ PnÃbv¡v BsI 5 Xmeq-¡p-I-fmWv (Xr-iqÀ, apIp-µ-]p-cw, Nmh-¡m-Sv, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ, Xe-¸n-Ån. Ccn-§m-e-¡p-S, Nmh-¡mSv, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ, Nme-¡p-Sn, Ip¶w-Ip-fw, Kpcp-hm-bqÀ F¶n-h-bmWv ap\n-kn-¸m-en-än-IÄ. PnÃ-bn 17 t»m¡v ]©m-b-¯p-Ifpw 88 {Kma-]-©m-b-¯p-Ifpw D­v. Xmeq¡v ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯nbpw ]«-W-§-fpsS {]m[m\yw A\p-k-cn¨pw `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w Xc-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. \K-c-k-`-IÄ \K-c-k`m sNbÀamsâ Iogn DÄs¸Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. `cW kwhn-[m\w sa¨-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-te-¡mbn Hcp {][m\ knhn tÌj³ A¿-t´m-fnepw \K-c-¯n sN¼p-¡m-hn-embn Hcp an\n tÌj\pw D­v. sImSp-§ÃqÀ, Ccn-§m-e-¡p-S, tNÀ¸v, Nmh-¡m-Sv, Nme-¡pSn F¶n-hn-S-§-fn knhn tÌj-\p-IÄ D­v. Ip¶w-Ip-fw, Xr{]-bmÀ F¶n-hn-S-§-fn knhn tÌj³ \nÀ½mWw \S¶p hcp-¶p. PnÃmtImSXn DÄs]sS {][m\ tImS-Xn-IÄ A¿-t´m-fn-epÅ knhn tÌj-\nepw ]cn-k-c-¯p-am-bn-«mWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. Ccn-§m-e-¡p-S, Nmh-¡m-Sv, hS-¡m-t©-cn, Nme-¡pSn, Ip¶w-Ip-fw F¶n-hn-S-§-fn aPn-kvt{Säv, ap³kn^v F¶o tImS-Xn-Ifpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-­v.

hnZym-`ymk taJe

hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambn Pnà ap³]-´n-bn-em-Wv. ChnsS km£-cX 92.27 iX-am-\-amWv B¬ 95.11 s]¬ 89.71 kzImcy taJ-e-bnÂ.

Ncn{Xw

tNe cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS Imew apXÂt¡-bpÅ Ncn{Xw Xriq-cnsâ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb Ncn-{X-¯n s]Sp-¶p. A¶v Xe-Ø-\-am-bn-cp-¶Xv sImSp-§-ÃqÀ (ap-kn-cn-kv, atlm-Z-b-]p-cw, A\y{X F¶o t]cp-Ifpw D­v.) Bbn-cp-¶p. Xriq-cn\v C¶s¯ {][m\yw D­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]n¶oSv Ah-km-\s¯ s]cp-amÄ cmPy-§Ä hn`-Pn¨v Xsâ _Ôp-¡Ä¡pw aäpw \ÂIn-b-t¸m-gmWv XriqÀ Hcp Xe-Øm\w F¶ \ne-bn hnI-kn-¨-Xv. A¶p apX sIm¨n cmPy-¯nsâ (s]-cp-¼-S¸v kzcq-]w) `mK-am-bn-cp¶p XriqÀ. F¶m {InkvXp-hn\v ap³]v apXÂt¡ apX {InkvXp-hn\v ]n³]v ]Xn-s\«mw \qäm-­p-IÄ hsc \nc-h[n tIm«-Ifpw cmPm-¡-·mÀ¡pw XriqÀ Pnà km£yw hln-¨n-«p-­v. `mc-X-¯nse {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ifn-s¯m-«n-emb sImSp-§-ÃqÀ {InkvXob Ncn-{X-¯n \nÀ®m-bI Øm\w hln-¨n-«p-­v.

{In.-h.52 hnip² tXmakv Çol amey-¦-c-bn F¯p-Ibpw ]n¶oSv Cu PnÃ-bnse an¡ Øe-§fpw kµÀin-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]me-bqÀ XoÀ°m-S\ tI{µw ]p¯³]Ån At±-l-amWv \nÀ½n-¨Xv F¶pw Icp-Xp-¶p. C´y-bnse Xs¶ BZy-t¯-sX¶p Icp-Xp¶ apÉow-]Ån sImSp-§-Ãq-cnse tNc-am³ ]Ån CtX PnÃ-bn ØnXn sN¿p-¶p. hfsc Ime-§Ä¡p ap³]p Xs¶ XriqÀ hfsc henb ]T-\-tI-{µ-ambn Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. {_mÒ-W-cpsS B[n-]-Xyhpw lnµp-a-X-¯nsâ Bßob hfÀ¨bpw XriqÀ Hcp kwkvIrX ]T\ tI{µ-am-bn. BZn i¦-c³ AssZzX ]T\w \S-¯n-bXv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. ]T-\-tijw At±lw Hcp-]mSv Øe-§Ä kµÀin-¡p-Ibpw ]n¶oSv Xncn-¨p-h-cn-Ibpw ChnsS Ønc-Xm-a-k-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n¶oSv Ipd-¨p-Im-e-§Ä¡p-tijw At±lw kam-[n-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. i¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS injy³am-cmb lkvX-am-e-IÄ, tXm«-IÄ, ]ß-]m-ZÀ, kp[m-N-c, sXs¡-a-Tw, ]Sn-ªm-sd-a-Tw, \Sp-hn aTw, \Sp-hn-\p-Ån aTw \K-c-¯n Øm]n-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. 1750 {In.-h. apX 1762 hsc Xriqcpw hS-¡pw-\mY t£{Xhpw kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. hS-t¡-¡c tImhn-eIw (C-¶s¯ ià³ X¼p-cm³ sIm«m-cw) Bbn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ tI{µw. AXn\p ap¼v kmaq-Xncn cmPmhv A¶v Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ hS-t¡-¡c tImhn-eIw Hcp XpÅn tNmc t]mepw Nn´msX ]nSn-¨Xv Hcp Ncn{X kw`-h-amWv. Xriq-cns\ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ {]_-e-cm-bn-cp-¶Xpw sIm¨n cmPm-hns\ [n¡-cn-¡m³ t]m¶{X iàn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶Xpw kmaq-Xncn apX-se-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A¯-c-¯n-semcp \¼q-Xn-cn-bmb ]Sn-ªm-täSw \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn\v Hcp \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS ]Zhn DÅ-bm-fm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯msS Bcpw Adn-bmsX kmaq-Xncn ]S-bm-fn-I-fp-ambn h¶v ]mÀ¡p-Ibpw cmbv¡p-cm-am\w tIm« D]-tcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw c£-bn-ÃmsX sIm¨n cmPmhv apdn-b-S-¨n«v Ccn-¸m-hp-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶m Nne \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ At±-ls¯ Ahn-sS-\n¶v A]mbw H¶pw IqSmsX c£-s¸-Sp-¯m³ klm-bn-¨p. ià³ X¼p-cm³ h-cp-¶Xp hsc kmaq-Xncn `à-cmb hS-¡pw-\m-Y³, s]cp-½\wtbmKm-Xn-cn-¸m-Sp-am-cpsS ssII-fn-embn Xriq-cnsâ `c-Ww. C¡m-e-¯mWv Sn¸p kp¯m³ tIc-f-¯n-se-¯p-¶-Xv. 1789 Xriq-cns\ kw_-Ôn¨v `bm-\-I-amb hÀj-am-bn-cp-¶p. \nc-h[n sI«nS§fpw sIm«m-c-§fpw t£{X-§fpw Cu ]S-tbm-«-¯n \in-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv ià³ X¼p-cm³ `cWw Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. ià³ X¼p-cm³ sIm«m-c-am-bn-cp¶p sIm¨n alm-cm-Pm-hmb ià³ X¼p-cmsâ HutZymKnI hk-Xn. 1979 tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI Xe-Øm-\-amb Xriq-cnsâ t]cn\pw {]i-kvXn¡pw ImcWw ià³ X¼p-cm³ F¶ cmP cma-hÀ½-bm-Wv. Sn¸p kp¯msâ ]S-tbm-«-¡m-¯v D­mb \mi-\-jvS-§Ä ]p\-cp-²m-cWw sNbvXv Xriq-cns\ ]pXnb cq]-¯n-em-¡n-bXv ià³ X¼p-cm\mWv. XriqÀ PnÃ-bpsS knwK-`m-Khpw AXm-bXv Nmh-¡mSv Hgn-sI-bpÅ {]tZ-i-§Ä ap¼v sIm¨n kwØm-\-¯n DÄs¸-«n-cp-¶p. Nmh-¡mSv ae-_m-dn-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p. tImhn-e-I-¯pw-hm-Xp-¡Â F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ 10 Xmeq-¡p-I-fmbn sIm¨nsb hn`-Pn-¨n-cp-¶p. 1860 Cu Xmeq-¡p-IÄ ]p\xkwL-Sn-¸n¨v F®w Bdmbn Ipd-¨p. 1949 Pqsse 1\v sIm¨n kwØm\w Xncp-h-Xmw-Iq-dp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨-tXmsS XriqÀ Xncp-þ-sIm¨n kwØm-\-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. 6 Xmeq-¡p-Ifpw tIm«bw PnÃ-bpsS `mK-amb Ip¶-¯p-\mSv Xmeq¡pw tNÀ¯mWv XriqÀ Pnà cq]-h¡-cn-¨-Xv.

1956 tIcf kwØm\ ]nd-hn-tbmsS PnÃbv¡v Nne amä-§-fp­m-bn. Nne Xmeq-¡p-IÄ ]p\xkwL-Sn-¡-s¸-«p. A¶v Xriq-cn s]«n-cp¶ NnäqÀ Xmeq¡v ]pXp-Xmbn cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸« ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-tbmSv tNÀ¡p-Ibpw ]gb ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp¶ s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nsâ Nne `mK-§Ä (C-¶s¯ Nmh-¡mSv Xmeq-¡v) XriqÀ PnÃ-tbmSv Iq«n-t¨À¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1958 G{]n 1\v IW-b-¶qÀ, sIm¨n, Ip¶-¯p-\mSv F¶nh thÀs¸-Sp¯n Fd-Wm-Ipfw PnÃ-bm-¡n. Z£n-tW-´y-bpsS cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-¡m-e¯v XriqÀ Hcp kp{]-[m-\-`mKw hln-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. 1919 C´y³ \mj-W tIm¬{K-knsâ Hcp \nÀÆm-lI kwLw Xriq-cn cq]-h¡-cn-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. 1921 ]ucm-h-Imi \nb-a-ew-L\w \S-¯n-s¡m­v Hcp-]mSv hyàn-IÄ Ad-Ìn-em-Ip-Ibpw Pbn-en-e-S-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw D­m-bn. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ k-{X-{K-lw, sshZypXn ka-cw, sshZypXn ka-cw, D¯-c-hmZ `c-W-{]-t£m-`-Ww, {]Pm-a-Þ-ew apX-emb {]t£m-`-W-§fpw ka-c-§fpw PnÃ-bn P\-Iob {]Øm-\-§Ä Bg-¯n thtcm-Sm-\p-X-Ip¶ kw`-h-§-fm-Wv.

`q{]-IrXn

Ing¡v ae-tbm-c-{]-tZ-i-§fpw ]Sn-ªmdv Xmgv¶p-In-S-¡p¶ ka-Xe {]tZ-i-§-fmb IS¯o-chpw DÄs¸-Sp¶ XriqÀ PnÃbn hyXy-kvX-amb `q{]-Ir-Xn-IÄ ImWmw. IS-en\v kam-´-c-ambn hoXn-Ip-dª Ht«sd Ime-bp-IÄ D­v. Ing-¡p-\n¶v Hgp-In-h-cp¶ \Zn-I-fn ]eXpw Cu Imb-ep-I-fn tNcp-¶p. tNäp-h, s\¸m-S-§fpw sX§n³tXm¸p-Ifpw ImWmw. Cu `qhn-`mKw s]mXpsh NXp-¸p-{]-tZ-i-§-fmWv. ]e-t¸mgpw ChnsS ISÂsh-Å-s¸m¡w A\p-`-h-s¸-Sm-dp-­v. PnÃ-bpsS hS-t¡-bäw Xe-¸nÅn Xmeq-¡n sNdp-Ip-¶p-I-fpsS Hcp iywJe Xs¶-bp-­v. tImS-tÈcn ae-I-fn \n¶p-Û-hn-¡p¶ Nme-¡p-Sn-¸p-g, Icp-h-¶qÀ ]pg F¶nh sX¡p-`m-K-¯p-IqsS Hgp-Ip-¶p.